- Respect for Tradition: Society should preserve customs, institutions, and values passed down through generations. Tradition provides stability.
- Hierarchy: Natural social hierarchies are necessary for order. Authority figures (such as the government) maintain stability and are there to guide society.
- Organic Society: Society is like a living organism, with each person playing a specific role. Change should not be radical as it will disrupt this harmony.
- Pessimistic View of Human Nature: Humans are imperfect, driven by self-interest and emotion. Strong institutions and laws are needed to restrain behaviour and maintain order.
- Pragmatism: Decisions should be based on experience and practical outcomes, not abstract theory.
